How do we define ‘adivasis’? A post-modernist approach will situate them as ‘colonial constructs’. However, as this book goes to show, tribals were not just a colonial creation. They were a part of south Asian reality at the time of India’s colonisation. Their world was not a monolithic one but the order of stratification was significantly reinforced with the advent of colonialism and its diverse interventions, in terms of the complexities arising out of land settlements and the commercialisation of agriculture.

Bringing together contributions from historians, sociologists, social anthropologists and younger scholars, this volume provides a holistic view of the world of adivasis under the British in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It unravels the ways in which the adivasi society negotiated with itself and interacted with the shifts and changes that were taking place during this period. The essays focus on the impact of the sahukar-zamindar-sarkar nexus on the adivasis; the question of dispossession and migration in the face of colonial capitalism and global needs of labour; the process of politicisation and resistance against coercive strategies of control and dominance; the problems within the adivasi society, and the questions of identity and patriarchy; medical colonialism and the adivasi healing systems; and the different ideologies that guided the ‘adivasi’ politics in colonial India—from protests against feudal rulers, to protests against the national movement and later, the struggles led by the socialists and communists. While tracing the trajectory of the life of the adivasis, the book also examines the genealogy of the concept of higher and lower races.

Going beyond the colonial and anti-colonial theme to explore the world of the adivasis and their social history, this book makes a conscious effort to locate the ‘present’ in the context of the ‘past’. It contributes to the understanding of the encroaching colonial ideals and intentions in the name of development and civilisation, that continue to impact their lives even today.

List of Tables
Foreword by Professor Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
Acknowledgements

Introduction
Situating the Adivasi in Colonial India
BISWAMOY PATI

I: ‘Modern Science’, Classification Strategies, Questions of Identity and Patriarchy

1. Of Apes and Ancestors: Evolutionary Science and Colonial Ethnography
MEENA RADHAKRISHNA

2. Colonial Constructions of the ‘tribe’ in India: The Case of Chotanagpur
VINITA DAMODARAN

3. Rethinking Adivasi Identity: The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act (1908) and its aftermath among the Hos of Singhbhum
SANJUKTA DASGUPTA

4. Adivasis, Gender and the ‘Evil Eye’: The Construction(s) of Witches in Colonial Chotanagpur
SHASHANK S. SINHA

II: Assertion and Resistance

5. Visibility through Resistance: The Malangis and Salt Making in Eighteenth Century Bengal
MEENA BHARGAVA

6. From Dispute to ‘Disturbance’: The ‘Gond Disturbances’ in Late Nineteenth Century Bonai (Orissa)
UWE SKODA

7. Coolie Strikes Back: Collective Protest and Action in the Colonial Tea Plantations of Assam, 1880–1920
NITIN VARMA

8. Unravelling the Forms of ‘Adivasi’ Organisation and Resistance in Colonial India
ARCHANA PRASAD

9. Survival as Resistance: Tribals in Colonial Orissa
BISWAMOY PATI

III: Medical Colonialism and the Adivasi Healing Systems

10. Medical Colonialism and the Andamanese
SATADRU SEN

11.Knowledge of the Bhils and their Systems of Healing
DAVID HARDIMAN

In Lieu of an Afterword
Mining Projects and Cultural Genocide: Colonial Roots of Present Conflicts
FELIX PADEL

Glossary
Bibliography
Contributors
Index