Chemistry Foundation for Class X is a comprehensive resource for students of Class X preparing for the CBSE and ICSE Board examinations. It provides clear and concise explanations and covers all topics in these syllabi, along with a variety of problems drawn from the current and previous years’ question papers. Solutions are provided to every single problem along with hints to crack the tough ones. The book provides a strong foundation which the increasing competition mandates.
Salient features • The entire curriculum is covered in a lucid manner accompanied by illustrations, equations and formulae. • It covers the CBSE and ICSE syllabi and lays the foundation for preparation for competitive examinations. • Solutions to all problems have been provided (there is no unsolved exercise). • The exercises are divided into Practice questions (school exam-based) and Competition window (competitive exam-based). • Various types of questions are included—very short, short and long. • Topic-wise and level-wise MCQs in each chapter (first of its kind). • Related advanced level concepts highlighted in boxes (Knowledge booster). • Segment-wise questions and solutions for school exams in each chapter. • Provides a strong foundation for students of different state boards. • The book is accompanied by the Orient BlackSwan Smart App that provides chapter-wise NEET–JEE type MCQs, year-wise KVPY papers and year-wise NTSE papers with solutions.
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Atul Singhal obtained his M.Sc degree (Organic chemistry) in 1996 and Ph.D (Organometallic chemistry) in 2007 from the CCS University, Meerut. He has taught and mentored thousands of students in various institutes since 1996. He is proficient at content creation, designing curricula and guiding students for competitive exams. He has been Centre Head and Academic Head in Brilliant Tutorials, FIITJEE and Vidhya Mandir Classes, and is currently Professor, Institute of Science and Technology, Kansas, Missourie, USA. He is the author of several test preparation books in chemistry.
Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations Introduction Characteristics or Tests of Chemical Reactions Valency Chemical Equations Making Equations More Informative Types of Chemical Reactions Combination Reactions Decomposition Reactions Displacement Reactions Double Displacement Reactions Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Oxidation Number Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday Life Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 2: Mole Concept, Stoichiometry and Behaviour of Gases Introduction Symbols Formulae Derivation of Formulae of Compounds Kinetic Theory of Gases Characteristics of Gases Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Gay-Lussac Law of Combining Volumes of Gases Avogadro’s Law Avogadro’s Number and Mole Concept Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Graham’s Law of Diffusion Difference between Diffusion and Effusion Expression of Concentration of Solution Limiting Reagent Empirical and Molecular Formulae of a Compound Stoichiometry Gravimetric Analysis Percentage Purity Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions 7 Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 3: Atomic Structure Introduction Atomic Number (Z) Rutherford’s Atomic Model Quantum Theory Black Body Radiation Electronic Structure of Atoms Bohr’s Atomic Model Sommerfeld Atomic Model de Broglie Equation and Dual Nature Theory Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Sub-Orbit and Orbitals Quantum Numbers Electronic Configuration Pauli Exclusion Principle Aufbau’s Principle or (n + l) Rule Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions 6 Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 4: Periodic Table and Periodic Properties Introduction Genesis of Periodic Classification Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Modern Periodic Law Modern Periodic Table Long Form of Periodic Table Types of Elements Trends in Periodic Properties Ionisation Enthalpy (IE) Electron Gain Enthalpy or Electron Affinity (EA) Electronegativity Nature of Oxides and Hydroxides Valency Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding Introduction Octet Rule Chemical Bond Types of Bonds Covalent Bond Coordinate or Dative or Semi-polar Bonds Metallic Bonding Hydrogen Bonding Concept of Orbital Overlapping Types of Overlapping Hybridisation Hybridisation and Geometry (Shape) of Covalent Compounds Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 6: Acids, Bases and Salts Theories of Acids and Bases Indicators for Testing Acids and Bases Olfactory Indicators Universal Indicator The Classical Molecular Theory of Acids, Bases and Salts Acids Bases Theories of Acid and Bases Bronsted Lowry Concept or Proton Concept Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases Salts Water of Crystallisation Efflorescence Hygroscopic Substances Deliquescent Substances Drying and Dehydrating Agents Neutralisation Neutralisation Reaction Heat of Neutralisation pH Scale Salt Hydrolysis Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 7: Electrolysis and Electrochemistry Introduction Conductor and Insulator Electrolysis Electrolytes Ions Electrolytic Cell Electrodes Electrolytic Dissociation Ionisation Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation Process and Features of Electrolysis Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis Electrochemical Cell Galvanic or Daniell Cell Electrochemical Series Preferential or Selective Discharge of Ions at Electrodes Some Applications of Electrolysis Electrolytic Refining of Metals Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions 9 Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 8: Metals and Non-metals Introduction Comparative Study of Metals and Non-metals Metals Physical Properties Chemical Properties Non-metals Physical Properties Chemical Properties The Activity Series of Metals Occurrence and Extraction of Metals General Metallurgical Processes Reduction of Metal Oxides into Free Metals Refining or Purification of Metals Physical Methods Chemical Methods Metallurgy of Aluminum Metallurgy of Copper Metallurgy of Zinc Metallurgy of Iron Important Alloys and Their Uses Alloys Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 9: Carbon and its Compounds Introduction Carbon Always Forms Covalent Bonds Carbon is Tetravalent Self-combination or Catenation ccurrence of Carbon Allotropes of Carbon Coal and Petroleum How Coal was Formed How Petroleum was Formed Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds Soaps Structure of a Soap Molecule Detergents Cleansing Action of Soaps and Detergents Polymers Biomolecules Carbohydrates Amino Acids Proteins Enzymes Vitamins Hemoglobin Chlorophyll Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 10: Organic Chemistry Introduction Features of Carbon/Reasons for Large Number of Organic Compounds Classification of Organic Compounds Functional Group Homologous Series IUPAC System (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Isomerism Structural or Constitutional Isomerism Stereoisomerism or Spatial Isomerism Different Types of Formulae of Organic Compounds Some Important Chemical Compounds Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Haloalkanes Alcohols Aldehydes Carboxylic Acids Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 11: Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium Introduction Types of Reactions Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction and Rate Constant Collision Theory Molecularity Rate Law and Order of Reaction Order of Reaction First Order Reactions Zero Order Reactions Chemical Equilibrium Equilibrium Active Mass or Molar Concentration Law of Mass Action Equilibrium Constant Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Partial Pressure Le Chatelier Principle Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 12: Study of Compounds Hydrogen Chloride Ammonia (NH3) Favourable Conditions for the Formation of Ammonia Fountain Experiment Brown Ring Test Nitric Acid (HNO3) Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Practical Chemistry Identification of Ions Flame Test Identification of Cations Identification of Anions Action of Heat on Copper Carbonate and Zinc Carbonate Action of Heat on Zinc Nitrate, Copper Nitrate and Lead Nitrate Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Appendices