Chemistry Foundation for Class IX is a comprehensive resource for students of Class IX preparing for the CBSE and ICSE Board examinations. It provides clear and concise explanations and covers all topics in these syllabi, along with a variety of problems drawn from the current and previous years’ question papers. Solutions are provided to every single problem along with hints to crack the tough ones. The book provides a strong foundation which the increasing competition mandates. Salient features • The entire curriculum is covered in a lucid manner accompanied by illustrations, equations and formulae. • It covers the CBSE and ICSE syllabi and lays the foundation for preparation for competitive examinations. • Solutions to all problems have been provided (there is no unsolved exercise). • The exercises are divided into Practice questions (school exam-based) and Competition window (competitive exam-based). • Various types of questions are included—very short, short and long. • Topic-wise and level-wise MCQs in each chapter (first of its kind). • Related advanced level concepts highlighted in boxes (Knowledge booster). • Segment-wise questions and solutions for school exams in each chapter. • Provides a strong foundation for students of different state boards. • The book is accompanied by the Orient BlackSwan Smart App that provides chapter-wise NEET–JEE type MCQs and Year-wise Olympiad Question Papers with solutions.
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Atul Singhal obtained his M.Sc degree (Organic chemistry) in 1996 and Ph.D (Organometallic chemistry) in 2007 from the CCS University, Meerut. He has taught and mentored thousands of students in various institutes since 1996. He is proficient at content creation, designing curricula and guiding students for competitive exams. He has been Centre Head and Academic Head in Brilliant Tutorials, FIITJEE and Vidhya Mandir Classes, and is currently Professor, Institute of Science and Technology, Kansas, Missourie, USA. He is the author of several test preparation books in chemistry.
Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Matter in Our Surroundings Introduction Matter Solids Liquids Gases Change of State of Matter Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 2: Is Matter Around Us Pure? Introduction Pure Substances Classification of Pure Substances Mixtures Solutions and Their Types Concentration of Solutions Physical and Chemical Changes Separation of Mixtures Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 3: Atoms and Molecules Introduction Laws of Chemical Combination Avogadro’s Law Dalton’s Atomic Theory Atoms Symbols of Elements Modern Method or IUPAC System of Symbols Atomic Mass Molecules Ions Valency Variable Valency Radicals Chemical Formulae Writing the Formula of a Compound Molecular Mass and Formula Mass Mole Concept Mass Percentage of an Element from the Molecular Formula of a Compound Empirical Formula Determination of the Molecular Formula Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions and Equations Introduction Chemical Reactions Conditions Needed for a Chemical Change Characteristics or Tests of Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Energy Change in Chemical Reactions Types of Chemical Reactions Combination Reactions Decomposition Reactions Displacement Reactions Double Displacement Reactions Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Redox Reactions Photochemical and Electrochemical Reactions Practice Questions 3 Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 5: Atomic Structure Introduction Cathode Rays Anode Rays Electron (–10e) Proton (11p) Neutron (01n) Structure of Atom and Development of Atomic Model Thomson’s Atomic Model Rutherford’s Atomic Model Quantum Theory Bohr’s Atomic Model Composition of Nucleus Representation of an Element or Atom Concept of Isotopes, Isobars, Isosteres and Isotones Electron Distribution in Orbits Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions 0 Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 6: The Periodic Table Introduction Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Modern Periodic Law Modern Periodic Table Long Form of Periodic Table Types of Elements Trends in Periodic Properties Ionisation Enthalpy Electronegativity Electron Gain Enthalpy or Electron Affinity (EA) Study of Specific Groups (Group 1, 2, 17, 18) Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 7: Chemical Bonding Introduction Concept of Valency and Valence Electron Octet Rule Chemical Bond Type of Bonds Electrovalent Bond or Ionic Bond Formation of Ionic Bonds in NaCl, MgCl2, CaO Covalent Bond Coordinate or Dative or Semi-polar Bonds Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 8: Gaseous State Introduction Kinetic Theory of Gases Characteristics of a Gas Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Avogadro’s Law Combined Gas Laws and Ideal Gas Equation Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Graham’s Law of Diffusion Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 9: Water Introduction Structure of Water Physical Properties of Water Chemical Properties of Water Solutions and Their Types Concentration of a Solution Solubility Anhydrous and Hydrated Substances Efflorescence and Deliquescence Dehydration of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Substances Soft and Hard Water Types of Hardness Advantages and Disadvantages of Hard Water Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 10: Hydrogen Introduction Discovery Occurrence Resemblance of Hydrogen with Alkali Metals (Group 1) Resemblance with Halogens Types of Hydrogen Methods of Preparation of Dihydrogen Physical Properties Chemical Properties Uses of Hydrogen Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Chapter 11: Atmospheric Pollution Introduction Environmental Pollution and Pollutants Types of Pollution Effects of Air Pollutants Greenhouse Effect or Global Warming Depletion of Ozone Layer Controlling Air Pollution Chapter at a Glance Practice Questions Competition Window (Objective Type) Answer Keys Hints and Solutions Appendices